M.P.
One way to extinguish undesirable behavior is to consistently and totally ignore it. I learned this in a parenting class when I was a foster mother.
You do have to always ignore his tone of voice. Answer him as if his tone of voice had been more reasonable. I'd give that a try.
Or you could not respond at all when his voice is disrespectful. You've told him you don't approve. Tell him you'll only answer him, acknowledge his presence, when he's respectful. Otherwise you just won't "hear" him. He'll wonder what's going on. lol might even shock him to stop immediately but it's more likely to take a period of time.
As to correcting and being condescending to his brother I would have a definite consequence that happens every time he's does this. He is not to be in charge of his brother. Be consistent with the same consequence. Make it apply to the behavior. Immediately separate him from his brother. I suggest sending him to his room until he's able to come out and apologize to his brother.
Tell him you're going to do this and then do it every time. It will take awhile for him to get the message he has to go to his room. Stare him down. Do not move until he moves to his room. Be calm, unemotional, direct and firm. Do not get into a battle of words. Just stand there and wait.
Parenting Teens with Love and Logic by Foster Cline and ? would be helpful.