Does an abnormal test result mean the baby has a birth defect?
No. This test cannot diagnose a birth defect, it only can indicate an increased risk. An abnormal screening test result simply means that additional testing is needed. Out of every 100 women who take a maternal serum screening test, about 5 to 7 will have an abnormal result. However, only about 1 to 2 percent of women whose test results show an increased risk of Down syndrome will actually have a baby with Down syndrome. Similarly, only a very small number of women whose test results show an increased risk of spina bifida and related birth defects will actually have an affected baby (a woman’s doctor can give her a better estimate of the risk to her baby, based on her test results).
For many of the rest, the abnormal test result simply indicates that the fetus is either a few weeks older or younger than originally thought. Because the range of normal results varies with the weeks of pregnancy, it is very important to know the accurate gestational age of the fetus. The gestational age of the fetus should be confirmed by ultrasound if there is any question about it. Another common cause of an abnormal test result is a multiple pregnancy (twins, triplets, etc.).
It’s important to remember that follow-up (diagnostic) tests usually show that a baby does not have Down syndrome, trisomy 18 or an NTD. Pregnant women who do not understand that most women with abnormal test results have healthy babies may experience much unnecessary anxiety.
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