Hi C.,
I have had much the same problem with my son, who's now four. We had success with easing up a little, if you can believe that! I find that if I don't raise my voice, but firmly say, "That is not acceptable behavior. I want you to sit down and cool off for four minutes" or something to that effect, it worked much better than threatening a "time-out." (Same concept, we just don't call them time-outs anymore.)
Some kids seem to go through a period where being disciplined really stresses them out, and they deal with that stress by being even worse than whatever they were doing before you disciplined them. I think with my son he was reacting to a withdrawal of our favor ("love") when he had misbehaved, and he really couldn't handle that. So I try to make sure that he knows I still love him as much, but he is doing something I don't approve of. Unless there's imminent danger of someone being hurt by your daughter's behavior, be as gentle as you can with your discipline. It's a gradual process, so don't expect it to work all at once, but so far so good for us!
Good luck!
Jenn