Hi,
Whew, my heart goes out to you! I also have a child who has anaphylactic reactions and has an epipen with her at all times. Those ER visits can be so frightening! I also have a sister with similar issues. I also have never heard of people being allergic to the epinephrine, but my sister always has adverse reactions to it. What she experiences (and my daughter has too) is all of the "typical" and expected reactions to the epinephrine: increased heart rate, agitation, etc. She then feels totally wiped out, sick to her stomach, etc. for days and days following the episode. But it has also repeatedly saved her life.
When my daughter was only 1, she had her worst bout of anaphylaxis.
When the squad came, the EMT gave her one shot with an epipen, and she was still struggling to breathe after we got to the ER, even after they gave her oxygen. They then gave her a SECOND dose of epinephrine, and it still took some time for her to breathe well on her own. They were just about to intubate her, when her breathing began to improve. It is certainly possible that your child had such a bad reaction to the food he ate that the shot needed some time to take affect.
Make sure you keep an epipen handy at all times. We get a new one every time the insurance allows, even if we did not use the old one, so we can then have them stashed all over the house...just in case.
Best wishes!