L.R.
I too have an easy, smart little girl, but she too has been through these phases. They do pass, but you can make it easier. It's hard to know what to advise without more details about other ways she drives you crazy, but here are some general ones:
--Have there been any changes recently that could have her wanting attention or acting out? Even negative attention(like discipline, scolding, etc.) is still attention. Is her younger brother in a demanding phase and getting a lot of your time, maybe more than you realize? Is she being expected to be a "big girl" more than she's really capable of? Or is she starting preschool or does she have a new teacher at preschool or a new sitter or anything else that may make her feel she's not in control? Kids will try to control what they can, even if it means making a mess just because they can.If there's been change recently look at how to mitigate that for her and reassure her. (If she's in preschool, talk to the teachers there about whether they're seeing these behaviors there, and if so, how they handle them and what they advise.)
--Or maybe there's no change and it's just...being three and a half and asserting herself. The chart is a great idea at this age, but be sure that the rewards are ones she really, really desires and the disciplines are ones that really, really mean something to her -- find her "currency" that matters, the thing that it really gets to her for you to take away. When you discipline by taking away a thing (toy, game) or privilege (play date, TV time, etc.), or by doing a time out, be sure you take the item away, or start the time out, immediately upon discovering the problem. Waiting doesn't work and doesn't let her connect what she just did to the consequence. She's still too young for any rewards or consequences to be deferred--she needs immediate results from you, good or bad.
--Also, be sure the chart isn't too detailed or too lengthy and doesn't expect behavior of which she's not really fully capable. If one thing on the chart is for instance "Keep your room clean," that means little to a small kid. Instead try "After dinner, pick up your stuffed toys and put them in the white basket." They need a few concrete specifics rather than a longer list of general directions. "Don't play with or do anything in the kitchen until Mommy or Daddy is up" seems specific but she could easily figure, hey, they didn't say anything about the dining room...the living room.... Maybe try "Do not leave your bedroom in the morning until Mommy or Daddy comes in and gets you." Then put a gate on her room if you must! She might climb over it, I guess...
--Catch her being good and praise, praise, praise her when she is good, even in small ways. She needs to understand that this behavior gets a lot more pleasant attention than do the things that drive you crazy and get your negative attention. It may seem odd sometimes to praise a kid for something as basic as picking up a few toys and tossing them in their box, but at this age it can help as much as it did when she was 18 months old and you probably did it a lot.
--Does she have enough outlets for her energies, physical and mental and creative? Is she doing stuff because she's bored? Reassess your house's toys, books, craft materials to see if she has outgrown them! Channel that desire to cut up paper into cutting out construction-paper animals....Channel her behavior into a distracting craft or new book before she gets restless and starts doing whatever it is she does that drives you crazy. Does she get enough exercise and running-around time or is that curtailed maybe because of her brother's naps or her own preschool schedules etc.? Be sure she can blow off steam physically every day somehow.
I hope this helps -- like I said, not sure what the behaviors are other than the one incident you described. But we've all been there. I feel for you! Good luck and let us know how it goes.