Any teacher will tell you that the long summer break means a month of re-learning in September. A longer school day and year would mean less homework at night. Parents who lobby their local schools to keep music, art, phys ed and other enrichment programs will find that these essential programs can be part of a longer school day. Parents who have their kids at a different activity every single day (karate, gymnastics, soccer, dance, piano, etc.) at their own expense will find that they can do less of these things and let their kids have some down time during which they can develop creativity. Most kids these days are going full tilt anyway, so what's the big deal if they spend some of that in school?
Towns have to realize that their taxes go to support the schools too. It's not just federal money. That's why the school systems vary so much from town to town. If it were all federal money, everything would be even. That means that citizens can't keep asking to reduce taxes but still expect the same level of services.
Many teachers DO take extra classes, and often at their own expense. Most teachers have summer jobs to make ends meet. Parents often complain when schools are closed for professional development days, but that's when teachers get extra training too.
Teacher pay is based on seniority and not necessarily on merit. Unions serve a purpose in many ways, but they also prevent top teachers from shining and poor teachers from being removed. And a good chunk of a teacher's paycheck goes to pay union dues. So they wind up getting 2nd jobs during the year, or summer jobs. I read the posts here from teachers, and I'm frankly quite shocked at the number of misspellings (not typos) from our educators! So they need more work than just education courses!
We no longer have an agrarian economy and so the "summer off to work the fields" model is pretty antiquated. There are many parents who really struggle to find (and pay for) summer programs for their kids now that 2 incomes are needed for so many families.
There are plenty of kids who don't have access to enrichment programs or summer programs, so having schools open later or on weekends is a beneficial thing.
The strains on the federal budget are immense. Less money is available because of the huge investment (or waste, depending on your point of view) on the Iraq war, homeland security, pork barrel projects, disaster relief due to climate change issues (floods, fires, droughts), and more. Obama is trying to reallocate a lot of funding to education, which I think is a good thing. Because so many people are out of work, income taxes are down, and that means less funding for so many important projects. People want the government to put more money into schools, as you do, but they absolutely have to figure out where that money is going to come from, and they must write to their senators and representative on a regular basis to state their priorities. The squeaky wheel gets the grease, in politics as in other areas. If you want more money in schools, then you have to tell your elected officials what you want to cut in order to achieve that. And since a big chunk of federal education money is administered and disbursed by each state, then state and local officials needs to be prodded as well.
Most people want affordable healthy care, but the summer town hall meetings were just a mass of screaming complainers who shot down every proposal without even knowing what they entailed. It was a pathetic display of incivility. That's not the way to achieve meaningful change. We all need to educate ourselves on how the processes work, what the plans really involve, and work together to achieve our goals. We probably are pretty similar in what we want, so we need to look very closely at proposals, read more extensively, and be willing to examine our current habits and see which ones are worth saving and which can be altered for the benefit of our kids.