I was a long-time nail biter--a habit I picked up from seeing my dad. I probably started biting my nails as soon as I had teeth. No matter how much my parents tried to get me to stop, I couldn't, as a kid. No amount of bribery, gross nail fluid, guilting me, telling me it's gross, describing how germs get caught under nails, did anything--it all made me need to bite more. I think it starts out a simple habit and becomes almost a self-soothing thing--like running your fingers across your head. It wasn't until I was 20, that I was able to quit by carrying a nail file EVERYWHERE and filing whenever I wanted to bite. And even after that, when I was stressed, you could tell because my nails would be bitten down to the flesh. Around 30 I was able to mor or less break the habit.
Before I quit, my tiny little sister 3, almost 4 years old, started to bite her nails. I was horrified! Mostly because I knew this was a learned behavior from seeing my dad and I bite our nails and because I didn't want her to have this out of control behavior, like I did. Well, I already knew what didn't work, so here's what I did and it worked like a charm, within 2 weeks!
I asked her if she would like me to paint her nails(yes I know it's young, but this was a temporary tool). She was very excited by this, so I looked at her nails and told her, matter-of-factly, "Oh no, there's not enough of the white part for me to paint them." Then I showed her on my nails(which had barey enough white to show her). I showed her the white part which grows from edge of the skin and told her, "If, on Saturday, you show me some white on all of your nails, you can pick any color you want and I'll paint your nails." She was really excited. So, each time I saw her biting, I would say, with no punishment, shaming or judgement, in a light tone, "Uh-oh, I sure hope there's some white left on Saturday. I'm really excited about going to the store to pick a nail color with you!" She would say, "Oh yeah!" and get all excited and happy. I never used the word "bite" or shame or an ominous tone of voice. Just, "Oh, I sure hope there's some white on your nails." She always knew what I meant.
It's also a great reward because the reward is directly related to the behavior. If she wants her nails painted, she needs to show me "white." It would not have been the same if I had offered her a toy or money or a trip to the movies. I made painting her nails the reward and the reminders about hoping there would be "white" were the only tool that was needed.
We did this for 2 weeks. After that, (and two ridiculous colors--glittery purple and glittery emerald green)she never bit her nails again. So we were able to quickly, painlessly & without using shame, break the nail-biting behavior before it got to be a habit or an anxiety issue.
She is now nearly 20 and with WAY better nails than mine! LOL
Good luck!
*************Just saw another mom post about a boy. I guess nail polish might not be at the top of his list or socially cool. Maybe offering hand massage and he could go and pick his favorite scented lotion. Or even just offering a little massage or head scratching if he's biting, to help find other ways he can learn to self-soothe.
For girls, the nail polish thing is an easy one that really worked. Maybe, for older girls, even a mother-daughter trip for manicures would be a good enough reward(and carrying a nail file at all times).