I think you have an excellent point that he booked a trip, apparently without talking to you about the dates. Neither my husband nor I would ever plan to be out of town without talking to the other first. That's just basic respect and consideration. The fact that neither he nor his mother/sister (who presumably were in on the plans) knew it was your birthday is pretty bad.
But after that, I think you went wrong. You participated in this by telling him to go ahead with his trip, which gives the message, "I'm okay about it." You told him not to worry. Now it seems he should worry, big time, because you've decided to get angry after all. After you gave the message that this isn't a big deal, you've set up expectations of what he and your son should have done (including the time of the calls, apparently not early enough).
And to make it even worse to be sure you were good and miserable on your birthday, you decided to clean the house? Maybe they called later in the day thinking you wouldn't hear the phone due to the vacuum cleaner running, or being up to your elbows in a bucket of soapy water? I would have sat around watching movies that only I like, or gone to lunch with a friend, or headed to the spa for a facial. Did you consider doing that? What was your motivation in choosing that day, of all days, to clean the house by yourself? I would have waited for my husband to come home so we could do a big deep cleaning together.
So what has been your family's pattern over all these years regarding birthdays, anniversaries, Mother's Day, etc.? That would be a big indicator for me. If your husband's family always exchanges wish lists, do you participate in this? Does he give you his mother's wish list, his sister's, etc., and then you do all the shopping for them? Have you two raised your teen/adult son to "let Mom do everything" or is he proactive and considerate? Do you and they exchange wish lists or at least express some desire in general about what you would each like? I think it's ridiculous that he didn't even buy you a card over 4 weeks, or tell you he'd take you out to dinner on the date and at the restaurant of your choice, but have you enabled him for all these years by saying that your needs aren't that important?
What I'm saying is, you have to give clear statements about your wishes and hopes in any relationship. If you have been doing that all along and he just royally screwed up this time, that's one thing. Then you sit him down and tell him you are good and hurt, and you expect X, Y or Z to make up for it and give you the birthday celebration you want, even if it's a few days or a week late. You don't have to do wish lists - I kind of prefer not doing that, frankly, as I like to see the books my husband chooses for me based on our discussions and his knowledge of my interests. To me, it's like saying, "Here's my list, now go out and buy the stuff and wrap it, and I'll pretend to be surprised." But if everyone agrees that wish lists are the way to go, then great - go for it.
So don't question your marriage. Question your communication. If you have been in this position before and your husband doesn't care, then get marriage counseling. If you both have really bad habits about discussing things, then change that, either together or with the help of a counselor. If you are in a routine of self-pity and setting people up to fail, then get individual counseling for yourself to understand why you self-sabotage. But don't sit around being upset and hurt without talking to him.