Hi B.,
Sleep deprivation is the pits and I understand that very well from my own past experience!! I can understand your frustration with frequent night nursing still happening at your son’s age....but (please don't throw rocks at me!) perhaps part of the reason your son is so insistent about it is that he's trying to let you know he is not ready to fully wean yet. I know you are struggling and exhausted, but I wanted to write and encourage you that there is no need for you to give up on breastfeeding, because you CAN fix this situation without having to do that – I was in a similar situation for a while when my daughter was younger and I am so glad we have been able to continue nursing!
In my opinion, it sounds like breastfeeding isn't even really the problem (other than the nursing during night wakings). Nursing at bedtime is a time-honored and healthy way to help a child transition toward sleep, but once they are in bed and sleeping, it shouldn't be happening over and over through the night at your son's age, especially since you said he eats and drinks well during the daytime.
Since this is happening every night and your son isn’t sick (for our family, all sleep training rules etc. are relaxed during illness and there are no problems going back to "normal" when our little girl is well), his waking and fussing should improve in time with a set (and fairly early!) bedtime and good sleep training, including the elimination of the middle-of-the-night feedings (but not the day and bedtime nursing that your son needs).
Night nursing past infancy is in my experience generally due to force of habit and lack of sleep training (in other words, a child has to learn how to put themselves back to sleep when they wake briefly in the night - we all wake briefly during the night and go right back to sleep, and it's a learned skill for a child to be able to self-soothe at those times). Waking up is just as disturbing to your son's rest as it is to yours, so he is also not getting the healthy unbroken sleep he needs.
What helped us when my daughter was younger and started having some trouble going to sleep and having some night waking was the book "Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child" by Dr. Mark Weissbluth. It was really a lifesaver (!!) in dealing with both bedtime battles and night wakings, and I would highly recommend it! (I read several other books at the time and this one was the best for us.) It can be found in most libraries if you want to check it out before you decide if it is worth buying.
Incidentally, Dr. Weissbluth encourages bedtime nursing for comfort, but suggests eliminating night nursing once a child is older and able to sleep through the night without the milk. If I were you I would read this book and give his suggestions a try – if you are willing to endure a certain amount of protest crying initially for a few nights (that was VERY HARD for me and my husband, I will admit, but we are so glad we got my daughter through it so she was again a wonderful sleeper and is to this day).
The bottom line as far as breastfeeding is that unless there are medical reasons for weaning, there's no need or reason to wean at 1 or even 2 years of age, and obviously your son is telling you he is not ready yet. I know you have no intention of forcing the issue and alienating your child; it just sounds like you are a concerned and tired mommy who wants to help the whole family get better sleep somehow.
When the time comes, weaning works best when it is gradual and "child-led," according to all the experts, and it's important to help it be a good experience for the child as well as the mom or it can cause emotional problems. Some kids give up on nursing early, who knows why, and others enjoy and benefit from it well into their toddler years. One book I would recommend that has good advice both for nursing toddlers and weaning them is "Mothering Your Nursing Toddler" by Norma Jane Bumgarner.
My daughter is 28 months and still breastfeeds about 3x a day - in the morning, briefly at naptime and at bedtime. At night she nurses/rocks for a while with me, and then I put her in her bed awake where she goes on to sleep and sleeps all night. She may occasionally ask to nurse briefly at other times during the day when we are at home if she gets hurt or scared, and I have no problem with that at all. She drinks tons of water (and loves it - "Yummy water!" is what she says) and eats healthy foods with no junk, and is at the 80th percentile in height and 75th for weight last time this was checked. She is bright, healthy, secure and happy, and other than a period of time where we had the bedtime issues I mentioned, she has been a good sleeper since 3 months of age. She never fights her naps or going to bed at night, and I attribute that for the most part to the sleep training we went through that is described in Dr. Weissbluth’s book, and to having good routines for her. Get it and read it as soon as you can – or just skip to your child’s age and read that chapter if you are too wiped out to read the whole thing! :)
Try to relax and not worry about weaning at this point, other than the nighttime sessions, just focus on the sleep training and get through that – you can do this and you will be so glad you did. Best of luck to you and God bless you – I hope your whole family is snoozing more peacefully soon!
-S. M.