Lots of good feedback here already. Heather B mentions correctly that the adolescent brain is not like an adult brain. While adolescents think they are so mature, they are really quite impulsive and often think irrationally. The rest of the body is much more mature than their brains are, and this causes the difficulties. The key for parents is to always keep this in mind when teens say ridiculous things like they hate you. Yes, the words hurt, but try not to take them personally, since they were said impulsively when he was not getting his way.
You're probably right that he apologized because he wanted the phone back. My guess is that he said it for selfish reasons, hoping a "guilt trip" may pursuade you to give in to his wanting the phone. He may not yet really care about your feelings, as adolescents don't have fully developed empathy either. This will come with time. Whatever you do, don't give in to his demands, as that may teach him to manipulate and take advantage of others in his adult life. Continue to teach him appropriate limits. Sometime in his 20's he's likely to become very embarrassed by these past behaviors of his.
You are being an appropriate parent of a teen. Keep up the good work!