dont add anything to the bottle!!! i think the 12:30 rubbing his back and giving his binky is fine. when he is a bit older, he will find his own binky. i wouldnt worry about it, and although i dont believe in crying it out anyway(research the subject and you would find all the negative effects), in his case he goes back to sleep with the comfort, so there is not need to allow him to cry and get more awake and upset. that will be harder to get back to sleep.
he sounds like he is truly hungry and 2 so just feed him his bottle like always. once you actually have him eating solids in the day, he may, or may not, need the bottle. my daughter is breastfed, not on solids of any kind at 6 months, and wakes up at 2 or 3 to eat as well. she is probaly 17lb+ by now. if he is hungry, just feed him.
for the food issue itself, it sounds like he isnt ready. take a break and then try again in 2 weeks. dont stress out. all of a sudden, he will be interested. if you push and he isnt ready, the feeding session will become an unpleasant time of the day for the both of you. just dont force it.
you may want to research feeding solids. although they say 4-6 months, the consensus is at 4 months babies START to be ready for solids, but in reality, they arent truly ready till closer to 6 months so you should wait till then. does he show all the signs? the most important is the pincer grasp.
have you looked into baby led solids as someone else mentioned. its where you feed the baby food, not baby food. the idea is that babies wont "eat" anything until they are ready. so if you were to give a baby a piece of avocado, they would knaw on it, but they wouldnt actually swallow it till they are ready, closer to 7 months. remember, the babies nutrtion should be coming fully from the formula/breastmilk. the food is to compliment it. rice cereal is awful and completely unneccessary. only 4% of the iron in it is actually absorbed. it has no other nutritional value and is quite binding. its really something you may want to look into, esp since he shows that he doesnt want to be spoon fed. giving him the control may be the answer. hoewever, i wouldnt start till at least 6 months and if he is showing all the signs.
that all being said, some babies actually sleep worse when they eat solids as there bodies need to digest all the food, and some things are gassy. im not sure about his teeth, but that could totally be a contributing factor. also growth spurts, learning new things(rolling, sitting, ect), or just being more aware of his surroundings than he used to could be additional things. good luck, they are only this little for such a short time.